REMEDIES

Section 32. Review of decree of registration; Innocent purchaser for value. The decree of registration shall not be reopened or revised by reason of absence, minority, or other disability of any person adversely affected thereby, nor by any proceeding in any court for reversing judgments, subject, however, to the right of any person, including the government and the branches thereof, deprived of land or of any estate or interest therein by such adjudication or confirmation of title obtained by actual fraud, to file in the proper Court of First Instance a petition for reopening and review of the decree of registration not later than one year from and after the date of the entry of such decree of registration, but in no case shall such petition be entertained by the court where an innocent purchaser for value has acquired the land or an interest therein, whose rights may be prejudiced. Whenever the phrase "innocent purchaser for value" or an equivalent phrase occurs in this Decree, it shall be deemed to include an innocent lessee, mortgagee, or other encumbrancer for value. Upon the expiration of said period of one year, the decree of registration and the certificate of title issued shall become incontrovertible. Any person aggrieved by such decree of registration in any case may pursue his remedy by action for damages against the applicant or any other persons responsible for the fraud.

Section 33. Appeal from judgment, etc. The judgment and orders of the court hearing the land registration case are appealable to the Court of Appeals or to the Supreme Court in the same manner as in ordinary actions:

Section 34. Rules of procedure. The Rules of Court shall, insofar as not inconsistent with the provision of this Decree, be applicable to land registration and cadastral cases by analogy or in a suppletory character and whenever practicable and convenient.

AVAILABLE REMEDIES TO QUESTION THE VALIDITY OF JUDGMENT IN A REGISTRATION CASE

1. New trial or reconsideration under Rule 37
2. Relief of judgment under Rule 38
3. Appeal to the CA or SC in the manner as ordinary actions pursuant to Section 33 of PD 1529
4. Review of Decree, Section 32
5. Claim under Assurance Fund, Section 95
6. Reversion under Section 101 of CA 141
7. Cancellation of title
8. Annulment of judgment under Rule 37
9. Quieting of Title
10. Action for reconveyance
11. Criminal prosecution under the Revised Penal Code