Crucial in any prosecution for rape is the credibility of the complaining witness for that alone is sufficient to convict the accused.1 [People v. Fundano, G. R. No. 124737, 26 June 1998, 291 SCRA 356.] It is therefore with extreme caution that this Court examines the veracity of the testimony of the complaining witness in the light of human nature and experience.

Roberto San Juan was charged before the Regional Trial Court of Talavera, Nueva Ecija with rape for having carnal knowledge of Rowena Morla while poking a bladed instrument at her neck; with violence and intimidation in other words.2 [Information dated 30 June 1994; Rollo, p. 10.]

On 1 April 1997 the trial court found accused guilty as charged, sentenced him to reclusion perpetua and to indemnify the victim in the amount of P50,000.00 as well as to pay the costs. The trial court also ordered that his period of detention be credited to him in full provided that he had agreed in writing to abide by and comply strictly with the rules and regulations of the institution where he was detained.

According to complaining witness Rowena Morla, a sixteen (16)-year old high school student, in the evening of 4 May 1994 she was sleeping in her room in the family’s residence at Barangay Catalanacan, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Her parents were also asleep in their adjoining room about four (4) to five (5) meters away. Rowena claimed that at around 11:45 o'clock that same evening she was awakened by a kiss on her lips. When she opened her eyes she saw her neighbor Roberto San Juan near her with a seven (7)-inch long bladed weapon poked at the right side of her neck while his other hand pinned her neck down. He ordered her to keep quiet otherwise he would kill her. She cried out which roused her father from sleep in the next room. Her father asked what was the matter. But, overcome with fear, she could only answer "Wala po." Scncä m

The accused then told her to go out of the house with him. She walked in front of him while he held her in front by the neck with his left hand and poked the knife at her nape with his right hand. The sharp point of the knife touched her skin. They passed by two (2) houses then proceeded to the open field at the back of the chapel some forty (40) meters away from her house. The surroundings were quiet since the neighborhood was asleep. He ordered her to lie down then took off her T-shirt and brassiere. He pulled down her short pants and panty to her knees. He kissed her, mashed her private parts, then mounted her. She was powerless against him since the bladed weapon remained poked at her neck, alternately held by his hands. He inserted his penis into her vagina and she felt intense pain. Unsatisfied, he momentarily disengaged himself from her and completely removed her short pants and panty. Again, he mounted her and copulated with her. All the while, she kept her hands by her side afraid that a slight move would cause the knife to nick her neck. When he stood up he told her to put on her clothes. He then asked her about her necklace which she often wore. She replied that it was in her house but offered to get it for him. She had thought of that ploy so that she could leave him and go home. He also told her to get her clothes. SdaaÓ miso

She was back home twenty (20) minutes past midnight. According to Rowena, she woke her parents up and told them about her experience. Her mother immediately consulted her own mother, brothers and sisters, about the incident. Forty-five (45) minutes after Rowena’s revelation, she was subjected to medical examination which showed "(a) Laceration of the hymen (fresh) at 12, 10 and 6 o’clock; and, (b) contusion with laceration, labia minora still bleeding."3 [Exh. "A-1;" Records, p. 3.] Then she reported the incident to the police authorities of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, before whom she executed a sworn statement.

The accused Roberto San Juan, thirty-two (32) years old, claimed that he and Rowena were sweethearts since 1 January 1994 and had been meeting regularly at the store of his sister Ludy San Juan some seven (7) meters away from Rowena’s house. He went to Rowena's house past 10:00 o'clock in the evening of 4 May 1994, upon her invitation. She herself opened the door and invited him to her bedroom to get something. While inside her bedroom they talked. Her father who was in his bedroom was awakened and asked, "Sino yan?" Rowena answered, "Wala, po!"

The accused then went out of the house. Rowena followed him. She suggested that they go behind the chapel to avoid being seen by her parents who did not favor their relationship as he had separated from his wife. Sdaad

At the back of the chapel they talked and then made love. Rowena even removed her short pants and panty as these hindered their lovemaking. After satisfying their lust, Rowena agreed to elope with him, but since she knew that he did not have enough money she told him about her necklace which she left at home. They agreed that she would go back to her house for the necklace and some clothes, and then return. But he got tired waiting for her, so he went near her house. He overheard Rowena’s mother scolding her because she had gone out unmindful of the circumstance that it was already midnight and that they wanted her to end her relationship with him.

Five (5) minutes later, he left. When he arrived home, which was already about 2:00 o'clock in the morning, he found the police waiting for him. He was invited for questioning at the police station and thereafter subjected to preliminary investigation.

Ludy San Juan narrated that she often saw her brother Roberto together with Rowena at her store talking to each other, apparently as sweethearts. In January 1994 Roberto admitted to Ludy his amorous relationship with Rowena, which the latter confirmed to her on 14 February 1994.

On the basis of the narration of Rowena, the trial court convicted the accused. It found her actuations consistent with her charge that the accused raped her -Scsä daad

On the other hand, the trial court dismissed the defense of the accused as a mere concoction to escape criminal liability -SupÓ rema

Accused-appellant now argues that no violence or intimidation was employed on Rowena since neither her clothes were soiled nor did she sustain any external injury. As it was, she did not put up a struggle against him. He then invites attention to her testimony that she was the one who woke her parents up which contradicts the testimony of her mother Gloria that she and her husband were roused from sleep when Rowena returned to their house that night. He insists that Rowena voluntarily went with him to the back of the chapel because she was his sweetheart for several months and their coitus was just a consequence of their love affair. Jurisä

After thoroughly reviewing the evidence on record, this Court cannot rest easy on the conviction of the accused by the court a quo. Thus, we are impelled very strongly to overturn the verdict.

No evidence was presented by the prosecution on how accused-appellant gained entry into the Morlas residence that evening of 4 May 1994 as to show that his claim was just a cock-and-bull story, i.e., that he only acceded to the invitation of Rowena to go to her house and that she herself opened the door.

Rowena narrated that she was awakened when she felt somebody kissing her on the lips and then she recognized accused-appellant. However, in the preliminary investigation conducted a day after the incident her account changed. She said, "While I was sleeping on that night of May 4, 1994, I saw Roberto San Juan entered (sic) my mosquito net and pointed a bladed weapon at me x x x x."6 [Records, p. 8.] The preliminary investigation was conducted at 9:45 o'clock in the morning of 5 May 19947 [Id., p. 5.] so it was to be expected that her recollection of the incident was fresh. But, it is indeed perplexing why she did not stand by her prior narration when she testified in court. The inconsistency in her narrations appears to be a clear manifestation of her prevarication in an effort to hide the truth. Scä juris

Rowena testified that her bedroom only had a curtain to serve as a shutter of her door.8 [TSN, 7 March 1995, p. 4.] The same was true with her parents' bedroom which was merely four (4) to five (5) meters away from hers.9 [Ibid.] She recognized accused-appellant easily after she was awakened by him. Given the circumstances that her bedroom and that of her parents only had curtains for door shutters and merely four (4) to five (5) meters apart, and that accused-appellant was not covering himself, much less was he in disguise, as he was readily recognized by Rowena, it is hard to believe that he entered the house with a criminal mind or malicious design. A criminal would not be so bold as to enter a house at night with at least two (2) occupied bedrooms a few meters apart, with curtains only for door shutters, and then proceed to enter one of them to rape its resident, with his face uncovered. The occupants in the other bedroom could easily come to the rescue of his victim and perhaps kill him for being an intruder in their abode.

Rowena narrated that her father heard her cry which prompted him to call out to her and ask what was the matter. Her plain answer was, "Wala, po!" From this, it appears that her father was satisfied with her reply because he remained in his bedroom. This story is difficult to accept. It is not a natural behavior for a father who heard his young daughter cry out in the middle of the night, alone in her room, to simply ask for the reason therefor and leave it at that. He could have requested her mother to ascertain if their daughter was all right.

Rowena estimated that her bedroom was only five (5) meters from the door of their house.10 [TSN, 7 March 1995, p. 4.] This is a considerable distance but she failed to demonstrate how she and accused-appellant were able to leave the house unnoticed by her parents, especially by her father, taking into account that her loud cry had awakened him. Jurisä sc

Rowena continued to picture accused-appellant as a lionhearted felon who could afford to snatch her from her room holding her throat on the front with one hand while pointing a knife at her nape when her parents were apparently awake in the other room some four (4) to five (5) meters away from hers, and then passing two (2) houses and the chapel where they made love behind it. On this score lies another improbability. A criminal would not hold the throat of his victim with one hand and poke a knife at her nape with the other while passing by inhabited places even if the surroundings were tranquil and the neighbors were believed to be asleep. The probability was not remote that someone could be awake and see them by accident. From whatever direction Rowena and accused-appellant might be viewed while walking under those circumstances, no other conclusion could be reached than that accused-appellant really meant to harm Rowena.

It was also thoroughly inconvenient, if not unnecessary, for Tomas and Rowena to walk a distance of forty (40) meters in such an ungainly stance. Thus, the likelihood that they in fact assumed that position appears improbable. Rowena also testified that the sharp point of the knife touched her skin. But if so, the contact should have left a distinct mark because the hand holding the knife could not so easily be controlled as to prevent it from hurting the skin of Rowena; yet, the medical examination conducted on her body failed to show any marks on her neck. The scenario depicted by Rowena may be typical of a hostage-taking drama, resorted to whenever the life or liberty of the hostage-taker is at stake. However, in the present case, neither the life nor the liberty of accused-appellant was in any way imperiled so there was absolutely no reason for him to intimidate Rowena in such manner. After all, she did not appear to have offered any resistance to him.

But the most intriguing part in Rowena’s testimony after the sexual act may be found in the following quoted portion of her testimony -MisjÓ uris

The narration that accused-appellant wanted to get the necklace of Rowena but since she was not wearing it at that time he agreed to let her go home then return with the necklace is quite incredible, if not absurd. Noteworthy is that Rowena did not mention in her testimony that accused-appellant threatened her or the members of her family with harm should she fail to return, or in case she divulged the incident to anyone. We gather from her account that after accused-appellant stole her chastity he also wanted to steal her jewelry. It is unthinkable that a rapist who laid bare his identity even at the initial stage of the crime would require his victim, after the consummation thereof and without threat of harm, to go home forty (40) meters away to get her jewelry and then wait for her to deliver it to him. The risk that the victim might blow the whistle along the way, even before reaching home, was great.

Moreover, a criminal demands delivery of valuables to him when ransom, blackmail or trickery (e.g., a relative of the victim is supposedly in a state of emergency and needs a certain amount of money or jewelry to be exchanged for cash) is involved. The common denominator in these situations is reciprocal giving and taking by the victim and criminal. The criminal has the cutting edge, leaving his victim with no other choice but to give up his money or other valuables. Here, accused-appellant did not even have an assurance, other than Rowena’s promise, that she would come back with the jewelry.

During the cross-examination, Rowena disclosed that accused-appellant not only asked for her necklace -

That disclosure of Rowena prompted her counsel to ask re-direct questions. Unfortunately, the answers obtained from her only highlighted what the defense had unearthed -

From Rowena’s own lips, she unwittingly lent credence to accused-appellant’s claim that they actually planned to elope. If his intention was to take the necklace of Rowena, it would be irrelevant to further require her to bring her clothes. After all, a sixteen (16)-year old high school student like her would not normally have expensive pieces of clothing.

According to Rowena, she woke her parents up when she reached home and disclosed the rape committed against her. However, this was contradicted by her mother who said that she and her husband were awakened when Rowena came home. Rowena then told them she was raped by accused-appellant. The inconsistency as to whether Rowena woke her parents up or her parents were awakened when she arrived home may appear trivial but only at first glance, for it gains significance when taken together with our previous assessment of her testimony. We consider the inconsistency as another badge of falsehood. Sâ djad

We also consider the fact that accused-appellant did not flee. When he went home at around 2:00 o'clock the following morning, the policemen were already there waiting for him. They invited him to the police station for questioning. A few hours thereafter, he was subjected to preliminary investigation. If Rowena was indeed telling the truth, i.e., that accused-appellant raped her and then ordered her to go home to get her necklace, the mere fact that she failed to return was a warning signal for him to immediately hide himself and not to go home. The logical post-incident impulse of a criminal is to distance himself from his victim as far and as soon as practicable to avoid discovery and apprehension.14 [People v. Godoy, G. R. Nos. 115908-09, 6 December 1995, 250 SCRA 676.]

Taking Rowena's version in its totality, we find ourselves unable to concur with the credibility accorded to it by the trial court. For evidence to be believed, it must not only proceed from the mouth of a credible witness but must be credible in itself such as the common experience and observation of mankind can approve as probable under the circumstances.15 [Cosep v. People, G. R. No. 110353, 21 May 1998, 290 SCRA 378.] The test to determine the value of the testimony of a witness is whether such is in conformity with knowledge and consistent with the experience of mankind.16 [People v. Parazo, G. R. No. 121176, 14 May 1997, 272 SCRA 512.] Whatever is repugnant to these standards becomes incredible and lies outside of judicial cognizance.17 [People v. Marollano, G. R. No. 105004, 24 July 1997, 276 SCRA 84.]

It is notable that the contradictions and vacillations we observed in Rowena’s testimonies referred to the initial and final stages of her story. Was she awakened by a kiss on the lips by accused-appellant, or was she awakened when he entered her mosquito net? Did she purposely wake her parents up or were they simply awakened when she returned home? Her anamnesis wavered on these aspects apparently in her obvious desire to twist the events to suit her purpose. Sppedscâ

The other portions of Rowena’s testimony were simply unreliable. Her statements that accused-appellant shoved a knife at her neck inside her bedroom without explaining how he was able to enter their house at that late hour when everybody was already asleep; that her father was awakened when she cried; that she and accused-appellant were able to leave the house unnoticed; that accused-appellant held the front of her neck or throat with one hand and poked a knife at her nape with the other hand while walking towards the open field; that she was raped with the knife still pointed at her neck; and, that she was able to leave accused-appellant by promising that she would return with her jewelry, all appear to have been scripted by her or for her. The knife pointed at her neck was mentioned to show the use of violence or intimidation but the plot was too simplistic that it overlooked vital angles. Rowena adhered to the claim that accused-appellant held a knife at her neck from beginning to end, that is, from the time she was awakened inside her bedroom and while walking towards the open field forty (40) meters away from her house until the consummation of the rape. When a witness fabricates a story, he usually adopts a simple account because a complex one might lead to entanglement which may be difficult to disentangle. Along the same line, the experience of the courts and the general observations of humanity teach us that the natural limitations of our inventive faculties are such that if a witness delivers in court a false narrative containing numerous details, he is almost certain to fall into fatal inconsistencies, to make statements which can be readily refuted, or to expose in his demeanor the falsity of his message.18 [People v. Ganan Jr., G. R. No. 119722, 2 December 1996, 265 SCRA 260 citing U.S. v. Burns, 41 Phil. 418.] CÓ alrsc

Rowena stated that her mother consulted her relatives after the incident. We infer therefrom that these relatives took the occasion to collectively exert moral ascendancy over her and pressured her into immediately seeking medical examination, and to file the rape charge. It is not farfetched to state that they injected diametrical details into her memory to distort the real occurrence. As Rowena’s testimony was thus unravelled, she contradicted herself on certain points while the rest was dubious or wanting in significant details.

On the other hand, we find worthy of credit the version of accused-appellant that his sexual union with Rowena was consensual. He declared that Rowena asked him in the early hours of 4 May 1994 to go to her house in the evening. When he arrived there at past ten, she opened the door then invited him to her bedroom to get something. While inside, they talked. Her father was awakened and from his bedroom asked, "Sino yan?" She answered, "Wala, po!" Accused-appellant then left the house followed by Rowena. She suggested that they go behind the chapel to avoid being seen by her parents who were against their relationship. There, they talked then made love. Afterwards, Rowena agreed to elope with him but since she knew that he did not have much money she told him about her necklace which she left at home. They agreed that she would go back home for the necklace and some clothes, then she would return and join him. He got tired waiting for her so he went near her house and overheard Rowena’s mother berating her. He left. Sccalä r

The trial court considered as proof that there was no planned elopement the circumstance that accused-appellant had allowed Rowena to go home by herself and just waited for her to return and that after hearing Rowena’s mother scolding her he left instead of waiting around for a chance to at least talk with Rowena. We do not share the view of the trial court. We believe instead that his departure meant that he accepted the fact that their plan to elope had been thwarted. And while he might have failed to introduce proofs of his "sweetheart theory" such as love letters, gifts and the like,19 [People v. Venerable, G. R. No. 110110, 13 May 1998, 290 SCRA 15.] other than the testimony of his sister which we find to be biased per se, we find these no longer pertinent. The unwitting disclosure of Rowena herself that she was ordered by accused-appellant to return with her jewelry and clothes was already an adequate indication that the two (2) intended to run away. Calrspä ped

The present case brings to mind People v. Godoy20 [See Note 16.] where accused-appellant, a physics teacher of the rape victim, likewise proferred the main defense that he and the complainant were sweethearts. In acquitting him we ratiocinated -

Enshrined in the Bill of Rights is the right of the accused to be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and to overcome the presumption nothing but proof beyond reasonable doubt must be established by the prosecution. If the prosecution fails to discharge its burden, as in the present case, then it is not only the accused’s right to be freed; it is, even more, the court's constitutional duty to acquit him.21 [People v. Mejia, G. R. Nos. 118940-41 and 119407, 7 July 1997, 275 SCRA 127.] Sceä dp

WHEREFORE, the Decision appealed from convicting accused-appellant Roberto San Juan of rape and sentencing him to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua, ordering him to indemnify Rowena Morla in the amount of P50,000.00 and to pay the costs, is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Accused-appellant is ACQUITTED and ordered immediately released from custody unless held for some other lawful cause.

The Director of Prisons is DIRECTED to implement this Decision forthwith and to inform this Court within five (5) days from receipt hereof of the date accused-appellant was actually released from confinement. Costs de oficio.

Mendoza, Quisumbing, Buena, and De Leon, Jr., JJ., concur.